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Bertrand Picard
Professor
email : bertrand.picard@avc.aphp.fr


Inserm U722

Ecology and evolution of microorganisms

Contact information - Inserm U722
Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat
16, rue Henri Huchard -- 75018 Paris (France)

Tel: 33 (0)1 57 27 77 44 -- Fax: 33 (0)1 57 27 77 24
3ème étage - ascenseur B - pièce 392




Research interest

My goal is to study the epidemiology of infectious diseases using molecular markers (enzymes and nucleic acids) in order to obtain a better understanding of several problems of medical interest : i) the differences between the commensal and the pathogenic isolates among opportunistic pathogenic species, considering E.coli as a model,  ii) the evolution of antibiotic acquired resistance and its relationships with the structure of the species, iii) the survey of  particular bacterial clones among the intensive care units
Education

Degrees

1990
 Ph. D. in Biological Chemistry, Paris 5 University
1978
 M.D. Paris Medical School, Paris 7 University

Academic positions

2004-present
 Professor in Bacteriology, Bobigny Medical School, Paris 13 University
1994-2004
 Professor in Bacteriology, Brest Medical School, University of Occidental Britanny
1986-1994
 Associate Professor in Bacteriology, Xavier Bichat Medical School, Paris 7 University
1980-1986
 Associate Professor in Bacteriology, Xavier Bichat Medical School, Paris 7 University

 

 

List of the 10 main publications

Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1986. Comparative esterase electrophoretic polymorphism of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animal and human sources. J Gen Microbiol 132:1843-51.

Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1986. Highly pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli revealed by the distinct electrophoretic patterns of carboxylesterase B. J Gen Microbiol 132:1853-8.
Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1988. Correlation between electrophoretic types B1 and B2 of carboxylesterase B and host-dependent factors in Escherichia coli septicaemia. Epidemiol Infect 100:51-61.
Matic, I., M. Radman, F. Taddei, B. Picard, C. Doit, E. Bingen, E. Denamur, and J. Elion.
1997. Highly variable mutation rates in commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Science 277:1833-4.
Picard, B., J. S. Garcia, S. Gouriou, P. Duriez, N. Brahimi, E. Bingen, J. Elion, and E. Denamur.
1999. The link between phylogeny and virulence in Escherichia coli extraintestinal infection. Infect Immun 67:546-53
Picard, B., P. Duriez, S. Gouriou, I. Matic, E. Denamur, and F. Taddei.
2001. Mutator natural Escherichia coli isolates have an unusual virulence phenotype. Infect Immun 69:9-14.
Branger, C., O. Zamfir, S. Geoffroy, G. Laurans, G. Arlet, H. V. Thien, S. Gouriou, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2005. Genetic background of Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase type. Emerg Infect Dis 11:54-61.
Le Gall, T., P. Darlu, P. Escobar-Paramo, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2005. Selection-driven transcriptome polymorphism in Escherichia coli/Shigella species. Genome Res 15:260-8.
Johnson, J. R., O. Clermont, M. Menard, M. A. Kuskowski, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2006. Experimental mouse lethality of Escherichia coli isolates, in relation to accessory traits, phylogenetic group, and ecological source. J Infect Dis 194:1141-50.

Jaureguy, F., L. Landraud, V. Passet, L. Diancourt, E. Frapy, G. Guigon, E. Carbonnelle, O. Lortholary, O. Clermont, E. Denamur, B. Picard, X. Nassif, and S. Brisse.
2008. Phylogenetic and genomic diversity of human bacteremic Escherichia coli strains. BMC Genomics 9:560.
Exhaustive list of publications
 Andreassian, B., M. Kitzis, and B. Picard.
1983. Evaluation of surgical infection in vascular and thoracic surgery. Prospective study of 2304 cases with special reference to type of operation and different types of infections. Chirurgie 109:580-7.
Atanassov, C., L. Pezennec, J. d'Alayer, G. Grollier, B. Picard, and J. L. Fauchere.
2002. Novel antigens of Helicobacter pylori correspond to ulcer-related antibody pattern of sera from infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 40:547-52.
Bert, F., B. Picard, C. Branger, and N. Lambert-Zechovsky.
1996. Analysis of genetic relationships among strains of groups A, C and G streptococci by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Med Microbiol 45:278-84.
Bert, F., B. Picard, N. Lambert-Zechovsky, and P. Goullet.
1995. Identification and typing of pyogenic streptococci by enzyme electrophoretic polymorphism. J Med Microbiol 42:442-51.
Bingen, E., E. Denamur, B. Picard, P. Goullet, N. Lambert-Zechovsky, P. Foucaud, J. Navarro, and J. Elion.
1992. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains causing failure of antibiotic therapy in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11:432-7.

Bingen, E., B. Picard, N. Brahimi, S. Mathy, P. Desjardins, J. Elion, and E. Denamur.
1998. Phylogenetic analysis of Escherichia coli strains causing neonatal meningitis suggests horizontal gene transfer from a predominant pool of highly virulent B2 group strains. J Infect Dis 177:642-50.

Bingen, E. H., E. Denamur, B. Picard, P. Goullet, N. Y. Lambert-Zechovsky, N. Brahimi, J. C. Mercier, F. Beaufils, and J. Elion.
1992. Molecular epidemiology unravels the complexity of neonatal Escherichia coli acquisition in twins. J Clin Microbiol 30:1896-8.
Bizet, C., B. Picard, M. Kiredjian, and P. Goullet.
1993. Distinctive electrophoretic pattern of esterases produced by Alcaligenes species. Res Microbiol 144:221-7.
Bizet, C., B. Picard, A. Philippon, and P. Goullet.
1992. Characterization of Alcaligenes species using analysis of esterase electrophoretic polymorphism and analysis of antibiotic resistance profiles. Pathol Biol (Paris) 40:591-8.
Branger, C., O. Zamfir, S. Geoffroy, G. Laurans, G. Arlet, H. V. Thien, S. Gouriou, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2005. Genetic background of Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase type. Emerg Infect Dis 11:54-61.
Cherifi, A., M. Contrepois, B. Picard, P. Goullet, J. de Rycke, J. Fairbrother, and J. Barnouin.
1990. Factors and markers of virulence in Escherichia coli from human septicemia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 58:279-83.

Cherifi, A., M. Contrepois, B. Picard, P. Goullet, I. Orskov, and F. Orskov.
1994. Clonal relationships among Escherichia coli serogroup O78 isolates from human and animal infections. J Clin Microbiol 32:1197-202.

Cherifi, A., M. Contrepois, B. Picard, P. Goullet, I. Orskov, F. Orskov, and J. De Rycke.
1991. Clonal relationships among Escherichia coli serogroup 06 isolates from human and animal infections. FEMS Microbiol Lett 64:225-30.

Contrepois, M., Y. Bertin, J. P. Girardeau, B. Picard, and P. Goullet.
1993. Clonal relationships among bovine pathogenic Escherichia coli producing surface antigen CS31A. FEMS Microbiol Lett 106:217-22.
Contrepois, M., Y. Bertin, P. Pohl, B. Picard, and J. P. Girardeau.
1998. A study of relationships among F17 a producing enterotoxigenic and non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic calves. Vet Microbiol 64:75-81.
Danve-Szatanek, C., M. Aymard, D. Thouvenot, F. Morfin, G. Agius, I. Bertin, S. Billaudel, B. Chanzy, M. Coste-Burel, L. Finkielsztejn, H. Fleury, T. Hadou, C. Henquell, H. Lafeuille, M. E. Lafon, A. Le Faou, M. C. Legrand, L. Maille, C. Mengelle, P. Morand, F. Morinet, E. Nicand, S. Omar, B. Picard, B. Pozzetto, J. Puel, D. Raoult, C. Scieux, M. Segondy, J. M. Seigneurin, R. Teyssou, and C. Zandotti.
2004. Surveillance network for herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs: 3-year follow-up. J Clin Microbiol 42:242-9.
Delomenie, C., S. Fouix, S. Longuemaux, N. Brahimi, C. Bizet, B. Picard, E. Denamur, and J. M. Dupret.
2001. Identification and functional characterization of arylamine N-acetyltransferases in eubacteria: evidence for highly selective acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid. J Bacteriol 183:3417-27.
Denamur, E., S. Bonacorsi, A. Giraud, P. Duriez, F. Hilali, C. Amorin, E. Bingen, A. Andremont, B. Picard, F. Taddei, and I. Matic.
2002. High frequency of mutator strains among human uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. J Bacteriol 184:605-9.

Denamur, E., N. Picard-Pasquier, C. Mura, B. Picard, J. Orfila, and R. Krishnamoorthy.
1991. Comparison of molecular epidemiological tools for Branhamella catarrhalis typing. Res Microbiol 142:585-9.
  Denamur, E., B. Picard, G. Decoux, J. B. Denis, and J. Elion.
1993. The absence of correlation between allozyme and rrn RFLP analysis indicates a high gene flow rate within human clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 110:275-80.
  Denamur, E., B. Picard, P. Goullet, E. Bingen, N. Lambert, and J. Elion.
1991. Complexity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis: combined results from esterase electrophoresis and rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Epidemiol Infect 106:531-9.
  Desjardins, P., B. Picard, B. Kaltenbock, J. Elion, and E. Denamur.
1995. Sex in Escherichia coli does not disrupt the clonal structure of the population: evidence from random amplified polymorphic DNA and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism. J Mol Evol 41:440-8.
  Diard, M., S. Baeriswyl, O. Clermont, S. Gouriou, B. Picard, F. Taddei, E. Denamur, and I. Matic.
2007. Caenorhabditis elegans as a simple model to study phenotypic and genetic virulence determinants of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbes Infect 9:214-23.
  Doit, C., E. Denamur, B. Picard, P. Geslin, J. Elion, and E. Bingen.
1996. Mechanisms of the spread of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains causing meningitis in children in France. J Infect Dis 174:520-8.
  Doit, C., B. Picard, C. Loukil, P. Geslin, and E. Bingen.
2000. Molecular epidemiology survey of penicillin-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from patients with meningitis in France. J Infect Dis 181:1971-8.
  Duriez, P., O. Clermont, S. Bonacorsi, E. Bingen, A. Chaventre, J. Elion, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2001. Commensal Escherichia coli isolates are phylogenetically distributed among geographically distinct human populations. Microbiology 147:1671-6.
  Escobar-Paramo, P., K. Grenet, A. Le Menac'h, L. Rode, E. Salgado, C. Amorin, S. Gouriou, B. Picard, M. C. Rahimy, A. Andremont, E. Denamur, and R. Ruimy.
2004. Large-scale population structure of human commensal Escherichia coli isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:5698-700.
 

Escobar-Paramo, P., A. Le Menac'h, T. Le Gall, C. Amorin, S. Gouriou, B. Picard, D. Skurnik, and E. Denamur.
2006. Identification of forces shaping the commensal Escherichia coli genetic structure by comparing animal and human isolates. Environ Microbiol 8:1975-84.
  Gagneur, A., M. C. Legrand, B. Picard, R. Baron, P. J. Talbot, L. de Parscau, and J. Sizun.
2002. [Nosocomial infections due to human coronaviruses in the newborn]. Arch Pediatr 9:61-9.
  Gagneur, A., J. Sizun, S. Vallet, M. C. Legr, B. Picard, and P. J. Talbot.
2002. Coronavirus-related nosocomial viral respiratory infections in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study. J Hosp Infect 51:59-64.
 

Gagneur, A., S. Vallet, P. J. Talbot, M. C. Legrand-Quillien, B. Picard, C. Payan, and J. Sizun.
2008. Outbreaks of human coronavirus in a pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr 167:1427-34.
  Goullet, P., C. Branger, J. C. Philippe, and B. Picard.
1989. Isolation and properties of carboxylesterase P4 from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Res Microbiol 140:221-34.
  Goullet, P., A. Brisabois, and B. Picard.
1993. Purification and characterization of three carboxylesterases from Enterobacteriaceae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 108:81-5.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1986. Characterization of Enterobacter cloacae and E. sakazakii by electrophoretic polymorphism of acid phosphatase, esterases, and glutamate, lactate and malate dehydrogenases. J Gen Microbiol 132:3105-12.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1990. Characterization of enterobacteria by esterase specific-activity profiles. J Gen Microbiol 136:431-40.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1988. Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica, Y. intermedia, Y. aldovae, Y. frederiksenii, Y. kristensenii and Y. pseudotuberculosis by electrophoretic polymorphism of acid phosphatase, esterases, and glutamate and malate dehydrogenases. J Gen Microbiol 134:317-25.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1989. Comparative electrophoretic polymorphism of esterases and other enzymes in Escherichia coli. J Gen Microbiol 135:135-43.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1986. Comparative esterase electrophoretic polymorphism of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animal and human sources. J Gen Microbiol 132:1843-51.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1987. Differentiation of Shigella by esterase electrophoretic polymorphism. J Gen Microbiol 133:1005-17.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1984. Distinctive electrophoretic and isoelectric focusing patterns of esterases from Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. J Gen Microbiol 130:1471-80.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1985. Diversity of Escherichia coli isolates in extra-intestinal infections as determined by enzyme patterns. J Infect 10:283-4.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1985. Electrophoretic polymorphism of lactate, malate and glutamate dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase and esterases of Providencia alcalifaciens, P. stuartii and P. rustigianii. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol 136A:347-58.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1990. Electrophoretic type B2 of carboxylesterase B for characterisation of highly pathogenic Escherichia coli strains from extra-intestinal infections. J Med Microbiol 33:11-6.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1984. Electrophoretic typing of Escherichia coli esterases in septicemia. Presse Med 13:1079-81.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1997. An epidemiological study of Serratia marcescens isolates from nosocomial infections by enzyme electrophoresis. J Med Microbiol 46:1019-28.
  Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1986. Highly pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli revealed by the distinct electrophoretic patterns of carboxylesterase B. J Gen Microbiol 132:1853-8.
 

Goullet, P., and B. Picard.
1991. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate typing by esterase electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 62:195-200.
 

Goullet, P., B. Picard, M. Contrepois, J. De Rycke, and J. Barnouin.
1994. Correlation between esterase electrophoretic polymorphism and virulence-associated traits in extra-intestinal invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Epidemiol Infect 112:51-62.
  Goullet, P., B. Picard, and H. S. Hieng.
1983. Characterization of Escherichia coli esterase B after separation by chromatography. C R Seances Acad Sci III 296:177-80.
 

Goullet, P., B. Picard, and R. Krishnamoorthy.
1988. An evaluation of allozyme amino acid substitutions for the study of molecular relationships in Providencia strains. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol 139:689-702.
  Goullet, P., B. Picard, and P. F. Laget.
1984. Purification and properties of carboxylesterase B of Escherichia coli. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 135A:375-87.
  Goullet, P., B. Picard, and C. Richard.
1986. Characterization of Escherichia hermannii by electrophoresis of esterases, acid phosphatase and glutamate and malate dehydrogenases. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol 137A:295-9.
  Goullet, P., B. Picard, and J. Sevali Garcia.
1986. Electrophoretic mobility of an esterase from Escherichia coli isolated from extraintestinal infections. J Infect Dis 154:727-8.
  Goullet, P., B. Picard, and M. Toucas.
1983. Differentiation of Shigella flexneri serotype 6 from serotypes 1-5 by electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing of their elastases. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 134B:269-76.
  Hery-Arnaud, G., G. Bruant, P. Lanotte, S. Brun, B. Picard, A. Rosenau, N. van der Mee-Marquet, P. Rainard, R. Quentin, and L. Mereghetti.
2007. Mobile genetic elements provide evidence for a bovine origin of clonal complex 17 of Streptococcus agalactiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4668-72.
  Hommais, F., S. Gouriou, C. Amorin, H. Bui, M. C. Rahimy, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2003. The FimH A27V mutation is pathoadaptive for urovirulence in Escherichia coli B2 phylogenetic group isolates. Infect Immun 71:3619-22.
  Jaureguy, F., E. Carbonnelle, S. Bonacorsi, C. Clec'h, P. Casassus, E. Bingen, B. Picard, X. Nassif, and O. Lortholary.
2007. Host and bacterial determinants of initial severity and outcome of Escherichia coli sepsis. Clin Microbiol Infect 13:854-62.
 

Jaureguy, F., M. C. Gutierez, C. J. Marie, C. Poirier, S. Panseurieu, J. Pascal, D. Valeyre, B. Picard, V. Vincent, and P. Deny. 2005. Epidemiological survey of a suspected nosocomial case of tuberculosis by spoligotyping. Pathol Biol (Paris) 53:481-4.
  Jaureguy, F., V. Ioos, P. Marzouk, M. Hornstein, B. Picard, M. C. Gutierrez, and D. Valeyre.
2007. Mycobacterium heckeshornense: an emerging pathogen responsible for a recurrent lung infection. J Infect 54:e33-5.
 

Jaureguy, F., L. Landraud, V. Passet, L. Diancourt, E. Frapy, G. Guigon, E. Carbonnelle, O. Lortholary, O. Clermont, E. Denamur, B. Picard, X. Nassif, and S. Brisse.
2008. Phylogenetic and genomic diversity of human bacteremic Escherichia coli strains. BMC Genomics 9:560.
  Johnson, J. R., O. Clermont, M. Menard, M. A. Kuskowski, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2006. Experimental mouse lethality of Escherichia coli isolates, in relation to accessory traits, phylogenetic group, and ecological source. J Infect Dis 194:1141-50.
 

Johnson, J. R., P. Goullet, B. Picard, S. L. Moseley, P. L. Roberts, and W. E. Stamm.
1991. Association of carboxylesterase B electrophoretic pattern with presence and expression of urovirulence factor determinants and antimicrobial resistance among strains of Escherichia coli that cause urosepsis. Infect Immun 59:2311-5.
 

Johnson, J. R., A. C. Murray, M. A. Kuskowski, S. Schubert, M. F. Prere, B. Picard, R. Colodner, and R. Raz.
2005. Distribution and characteristics of Escherichia coli clonal group A. Emerg Infect Dis 11:141-5.
  Johnson, J. R., I. Orskov, F. Orskov, P. Goullet, B. Picard, S. L. Moseley, P. L. Roberts, and W. E. Stamm.
1994. O, K, and H antigens predict virulence factors, carboxylesterase B pattern, antimicrobial resistance, and host compromise among Escherichia coli strains causing urosepsis. J Infect Dis 169:119-26.
  Kerouanton, A., A. Brisabois, E. Denoyer, F. Dilasser, J. Grout, G. Salvat, and B. Picard.
1998. Comparison of five typing methods for the epidemiological study of Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 43:61-71.
 

Kerouanton, A., A. Brisabois, J. Grout, and B. Picard.
1996. Molecular epidemiological tools for Salmonella Dublin typing. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 14:25-9.
 

Kitzis, M., B. Picard, G. Chalaux, and B. Andreassian.
1986. Value of short prophylactic antibiotherapy in thoracic and vascular surgery. Comparative randomized double-blind study of 3 and 8 injections of cefamandole. J Chir (Paris) 123:709-12.
  Larose, P., B. Picard, M. Thibault, F. Grimont, and P. Goullet.
1990. Nosocomial Serratia marcescens individualized by five typing methods in a regional hospital. J Hosp Infect 15:167-72.
  Le Gall, T., O. Clermont, S. Gouriou, B. Picard, X. Nassif, E. Denamur, and O. Tenaillon.
2007. Extraintestinal virulence is a coincidental by-product of commensalism in B2 phylogenetic group Escherichia coli strains. Mol Biol Evol 24:2373-84.
 

Le Gall, T., P. Darlu, P. Escobar-Paramo, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2005. Selection-driven transcriptome polymorphism in Escherichia coli/Shigella species. Genome Res 15:260-8.
 

Lina, B., B. Pozzetto, L. Andreoletti, E. Beguier, T. Bourlet, E. Dussaix, L. Grangeot-Keros, B. Gratacap-Cavallier, C. Henquell, M. C. Legrand-Quillien, A. Novillo, P. Palmer, J. Petitjean, K. Sandres, P. Dubreuil, H. Fleury, F. Freymuth, I. Leparc-Goffart, D. Hober, J. Izopet, H. Kopecka, Y. Lazizi, H. Lafeuille, P. Lebon, A. Roseto, E. Marchadier, B. Masquelier, B. Picard, J. Puel, J. M. Seigneurin, P. Wattre, and M. Aymard.
1996. Multicenter evaluating of a commercially available PCR assay for diagnosing enterovirus infection in a panel of cerebrospinal fluid specimens. J Clin Microbiol 34:3002-6.
 

Madec, S., C. Blin, R. Krishnamoorthy, B. Picard, B. Chaibi el, M. Fouchereau-Peron, and R. Labia.
2002. Substitution of Met-69 by Ala or Gly in TEM-1 beta-lactamase confer an increased susceptibility to clavulanic acid and other inhibitors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 211:13-6.
 

Mamlouk, K., I. Boutiba-Ben Boubaker, V. Gautier, S. Vimont, B. Picard, S. Ben Redjeb, and G. Arlet.
2006. Emergence and outbreaks of CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in a Tunisian hospital. J Clin Microbiol 44:4049-56.
  Marcade, G., C. Deschamps, A. Boyd, V. Gautier, B. Picard, C. Branger, E. Denamur, and G. Arlet.
2009. Replicon typing of plasmids in Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. J Antimicrob Chemother 63:67-71.
  Mariani-Kurkdjian, P., E. Denamur, A. Milon, B. Picard, H. Cave, N. Lambert-Zechovsky, C. Loirat, P. Goullet, P. J. Sansonetti, and J. Elion.
1993. Identification of a clone of Escherichia coli O103:H2 as a potential agent of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in France. J Clin Microbiol 31:296-301.
 

Mariani-Kurkdjian, P., E. Denamur, A. Milon, B. Picard, H. Cave, N. Lambert-Zechovsky, C. Loirat, P. Goullet, P. J. Sansonetti, and J. Elion.
1994. Identification of a clone of Escherichia coli O103:H2 as potential agent of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in France. J Clin Microbiol 32:860.
 

Matic, I., M. Radman, F. Taddei, B. Picard, C. Doit, E. Bingen, E. Denamur, and J. Elion.
1997. Highly variable mutation rates in commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Science 277:1833-4.
 

Mifsud, A. J., J. Watine, B. Picard, J. C. Charet, C. Solignac-Bourrel, and T. L. Pitt.
1997. Epidemiologically related and unrelated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O12 cannot be distinguished by phenotypic and genotypic typing. J Hosp Infect 36:105-16.
 

Philippe, J. C., B. Picard, P. Goullet, and R. Krishnamoorthy.
1988. Electrophoretic data in designing strategies for purification and identification of a highly polymorphic bacterial esterase. J Biochem Biophys Methods 17:51-60.
 

Picard-Pasquier, N., M. Ouagued, B. Picard, P. Goullet, and R. Krishnamoorthy.
1989. A simple, sensitive method of analyzing bacterial ribosomal DNA polymorphism. Electrophoresis 10:186-9.
  Picard-Pasquier, N., B. Picard, S. Heeralal, R. Krishnamoorthy, and P. Goullet.
1990. Correlation between ribosomal DNA polymorphism and electrophoretic enzyme polymorphism in Yersinia. J Gen Microbiol 136:1655-66.
 

Picard-Pasquier, N., B. Picard, R. Krishnamoorthy, and P. Goullet.
1993. Characterization of Escherichia hermannii by ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism. Res Microbiol 144:485-8.
  Picard, B.
2000. Molecular epidemiology of large bacterial endemics in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 93:219-23.
  Picard, B., G. Arlet, and P. Goullet.
1984. Aeromonas hydrophila septicemia. Epidemiologic aspects. 15 cases. Presse Med 13:1203-5.
  Picard, B., G. Arlet, and P. Goullet.
1983. Water origin of Aeromonas hydrophila hospital infections. Presse Med 12:700.
 

Picard, B., B. Bruneau, and P. Goullet.
1988. Demonstration of an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections in a medical intensive care unit by esterase electrophoretic typing. J Hosp Infect 11:194-5.
 

Picard, B., E. Denamur, A. Barakat, J. Elion, and P. Goullet.
1994. Genetic heterogeneity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates revealed by esterase electrophoretic polymorphism and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the ribosomal RNA gene region. J Med Microbiol 40:313-22.
 

Picard, B., E. Denamur, A. Souriau, J. Orfila, A. Rodolakis, and P. Goullet.
1992. Enzyme electrophoretic polymorphism differentiates invasive from non-invasive Chlamydia psittaci ruminant isolates. Res Microbiol 143:525-31.
 

Picard, B., J. B. Denis, G. Decoux, and P. Goullet.
1991. Computer-assisted statistical analyses of enzyme and ribosomal DNA electrophoretic polymorphism in Yersinia. Electrophoresis 12:264-9.
 

Picard, B., P. Duriez, S. Gouriou, I. Matic, E. Denamur, and F. Taddei.
2001. Mutator natural Escherichia coli isolates have an unusual virulence phenotype. Infect Immun 69:9-14.
  Picard, B., J. S. Garcia, S. Gouriou, P. Duriez, N. Brahimi, E. Bingen, J. Elion, and E. Denamur.
1999. The link between phylogeny and virulence in Escherichia coli extraintestinal infection. Infect Immun 67:546-53.
  Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1985. Comparative electrophoretic profiles of esterases, and of glutamate, lactate and malate dehydrogenases, from Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria. J Gen Microbiol 131:3385-91.
  Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1988. Correlation between electrophoretic types B1 and B2 of carboxylesterase B and host-dependent factors in Escherichia coli septicaemia. Epidemiol Infect 100:51-61.
 

Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1989. Correlation between electrophoretic types B1 and B2 of carboxylesterase B and sex of patients in Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. Epidemiol Infect 103:97-103.
  Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1987. Epidemiological complexity of hospital aeromonas infections revealed by electrophoretic typing of esterases. Epidemiol Infect 98:5-14.
 

Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1990. Epidemiological typing of Acinetobacter strains by esterase electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 60:229-34.
 

Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1984. Esterase electrophoresis: a new epidemiological screening test for Aeromonas hydrophila hospital infection. J Hosp Infect 5:335-7.
 

Picard, B., and P. Goullet.
1987. Seasonal prevalence of nosocomial Aeromonas hydrophila infection related to aeromonas in hospital water. J Hosp Infect 10:152-5.
  Picard, B., P. Goullet, P. J. Bouvet, G. Decoux, and J. B. Denis.
1989. Characterization of bacterial genospecies by computer-assisted statistical analysis of enzyme electrophoretic data. Electrophoresis 10:680-5.
  Picard, B., P. Goullet, and M. Contrepois.
1988. Clonal distribution of septicaemic Escherichia coli O78 isolates, evidenced by enzyme electrophoretic polymorphism. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol 139:239-42.
 

Picard, B., P. Goullet, E. Denamur, and G. Suermondt.
1989. Esterase electrophoresis: a molecular tool for studying the epidemiology of Branhamella catarrhalis nosocomial infection. Epidemiol Infect 103:547-54.
  Picard, B., P. Goullet, and R. Krishnamoorthy.
1987. A novel approach to study of the structural basis of enzyme polymorphism. Analysis of carboxylesterase B of Escherichia coli as model. Biochem J 241:877-81.
 

Picard, B., C. Journet-Mancy, N. Picard-Pasquier, and P. Goullet.
1993. Genetic structures of the B2 and B1 Escherichia coli strains responsible for extra-intestinal infections. J Gen Microbiol 139:3079-88.
 

Picard, B., J. C. Philippe, and P. Goullet.
1990. An analysis of molecular polymorphism of esterase M produced by motile Aeromonas strains. Biochem Genet 28:69-81.
  Picard, B., N. Picard-Pasquier, R. Krishnamoorthy, and P. Goullet.
1991. Characterization of highly virulent Escherichia coli strains by ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism. FEMS Microbiol Lett 66:183-8.
 

Picard, B., N. Picard-Pasquier, R. Krishnamoorthy, and P. Goullet.
1991. Correlation between DNA polymorphism and enzyme polymorphism argues in favour of the delineation of two species within Providencia alcalifaciens. Res Microbiol 142:965-9.
 

Picard, B., M. Picard, and P. Goullet.
1983. Study of critical levels of 3 antistreptococcal antibodies by data analysis. Presse Med 12:1467-71.
  Pons, J. L., B. Picard, P. Niel, G. Leluan, and P. Goullet.
1993. Esterase electrophoretic polymorphism of human and animal strains of Clostridium perfringens. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:496-501.
 

Pouedras, P., S. Gras, J. M. Sire, R. Mesnard, P. Y. Donnio, B. Picard, and J. L. Avril.
1992. Esterase electrophoresis compared with biotyping for epidemiological typing of Acinetobacter baumannii strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 75:125-8.
 

Prunier, A. L., B. Malbruny, D. Tande, B. Picard, and R. Leclercq.
2002. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with ribosomal mutations conferring resistance to macrolides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3054-6.
  Rinaudo, G., M. P. Fernandez, A. Effosse, B. Picard, and R. Bardin.
1993. Enzyme polymorphism of Azorhizobium strains and other stem- and root-nodulating bacteria isolated from Sesbania rostrata. Res Microbiol 144:55-67.
 

Rolland, K., N. Lambert-Zechovsky, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
1998. Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains are derived from distinct ancestral strains of E. coli. Microbiology 144 (Pt 9):2667-72.
 

Salaun, L., C. Audibert, G. Le Lay, C. Burucoa, J. L. Fauchere, and B. Picard.
1998. Panmictic structure of Helicobacter pylori demonstrated by the comparative study of six genetic markers. FEMS Microbiol Lett 161:231-9.
 

Sayada, C., B. Picard, J. Elion, and R. Krishnamoorthy.
1994. Genomic fingerprinting of Yersinia enterocolitica species by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed polymerase chain reaction. Electrophoresis 15:562-5.
 

Sayada, C., B. Picard, J. Elion, and R. Krishnamoorthy.
1994. A simple procedure to differentiate ailA and ailNA gene variants among human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains. Mol Cell Probes 8:187-91.
 

Schubert, S., B. Picard, S. Gouriou, J. Heesemann, and E. Denamur.
2002. Yersinia high-pathogenicity island contributes to virulence in Escherichia coli causing extraintestinal infections. Infect Immun 70:5335-7.
 

Sivard, P., W. Berlier, B. Picard, O. Sabido, C. Genin, and L. Misery.
2004. HIV-1 infection of Langerhans cells in a reconstructed vaginal mucosa. J Infect Dis 190:227-35.
 

Skurnik, D., R. Ruimy, A. Andremont, C. Amorin, P. Rouquet, B. Picard, and E. Denamur.
2006. Effect of human vicinity on antimicrobial resistance and integrons in animal faecal Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:1215-9.
 

Tande, D., and B. Picard.
1997. Evaluation of the E-test for routine testing of the susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin and cefotaxime. Clin Microbiol Infect 3:474-479.
 

Vallet, S., A. Gagneur, M. C. Legrand, J. J. Chomel, and B. Picard.
2005. Enteroviral infection mimicking primary herpetic stomatitis in four children. Eur J Pediatr 164:594-5.
  Vallet, S., A. Gagneur, P. J. Talbot, M. C. Legrand, J. Sizun, and B. Picard.
2004. Detection of human Coronavirus 229E in nasal specimens in large scale studies using an RT-PCR hybridization assay. Mol Cell Probes 18:75-80.
  Vallet, S., A. Gagneur, P. J. Talbot, M. C. Legrand, J. Sizun, and B. Picard.
2004. Detection of human Coronavirus 229E in nasal specimens in large scale studies using an RT-PCR hybridization assay. Mol Cell Probes 18:75-80.
  Vallet, S., S. Gouriou, G. Nkontchou, H. Hotta, M. Vilerio, M. C. Legrand-Quillien, M. Beaugrand, J. C. Trinchet, J. B. Nousbaum, P. Deny, C. Gaudy, A. Goudeau, B. Picard, and C. Payan.
2007. Is hepatitis C virus NS3 protease quasispecies heterogeneity predictive of progression from cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma? J Viral Hepat 14:96-106.
  Vallet, S., S. Gouriou, J. B. Nousbaum, M. C. Legrand-Quillien, A. Goudeau, and B. Picard.
2005. Genetic heterogeneity of the NS3 protease gene in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 from untreated infected patients. J Med Virol 75:528-37.
  Vallet, S., M. C. Legrand-Quillien, C. Roger, V. Bellein, P. Perfezou, L. de Saint-Martin, M. Garre, F. Brun-Vezinet, and B. Picard. 2002. HIV-1 genetic diversity in Western Brittany, France. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 34:65-71.
  Vallet, S., J. B. Nousbaum, S. Gouriou, M. C. Legrand-Quillien, A. Goudeau, and B. Picard.
2005. A particular hepatitis C virus protease NS3 gene pattern in a patient not responding to interferon-ribavirin therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:79-80.
  Vanjak, D., C. Muller-Serieys, B. Picard, E. Bergogne-Berezin, and N. Lambert-Zechovsky.
1995. Activity of beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations on Escherichia coli isolates exhibiting various patterns of resistance to beta-lactam agents. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14:972-8.
 

Vaucher, C., B. Janvier, J. B. Nousbaum, B. Grignon, L. Pezennec, M. Robaszkiewicz, H. Gouerou, B. Picard, and J. L. Fauchere.
2000. Antibody response of patients with Helicobacter pylori-related gastric adenocarcinoma: significance of anti-cagA antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7:463-7.
 

Vedel, G., C. Mabilat, S. Goussard, B. Picard, G. Fournier, L. Gilly, G. Paul, and A. Philippon.
1992. Two variants of transferrable extended-spectrum TEM-beta-lactamase successively isolated from a clinical Escherichia coli isolate. FEMS Microbiol Lett 72:161-6.
 

Vedel, G., C. Mabilat, S. Goussard, B. Picard, G. Fournier, L. Gilly, G. Paul, and A. Philippon.
1992. Two variants of transferrable extended-spectrum TEM-beta-lactamase successively isolated from a clinical Escherichia coli isolate. FEMS Microbiol Lett 72:161-6.
  Vedel, G., G. Paul, B. Picard, and A. Philippon.
1989. Biochemical, immunological and physicochemical comparisons between OHIO-1 and four SHV-type beta-lactamases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 53:5-9.
 

Vedel, G., B. Picard, G. Paul, L. Gilly, P. Goullet, and P. Nevot.
1988. Titration curves (ph gradient electrophoresis) of SHV-1 and SHV-2 beta-lactamases and a new type. Pathol Biol (Paris) 36:366-9.
 

Vedel, G., B. Picard, G. Paul, A. Philippon, L. Gilly, R. Krishnamoorthy, and P. Nevot.
1989. The analysis of five carbenicillin-hydrolysing enzymes by electrophoretic methods. Res Microbiol 140:579-90.
 

Vedel, G., B. Picard, G. Paul, A. Philippon, L. Gilly, R. Krishnamoorthy, and P. Nevot.
1989. Analysis of the molecular relatedness of four extended spectrum beta-lactamases (SHV-2, SHV-3, SHV-4 and SHV-5) by comparative protein titration curves. J Antimicrob Chemother 24:9-17.
 

Vedel, G., B. Picard, G. Paul, A. Philippon, P. Goullet, and P. Nevot.
1987. [Titration curves of beta-lactamases using pH gradient electrophoresis]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 35:699-701.
 

Watt, S., P. Lanotte, L. Mereghetti, M. Moulin-Schouleur, B. Picard, and R. Quentin.
2003. Escherichia coli strains from pregnant women and neonates: intraspecies genetic distribution and prevalence of virulence factors. J Clin Microbiol 41:1929-35.